Different Levels Of Salinity Stress Research Articles

Transcriptional responses of Crassostrea hongkongensis under high and low salinity stress

Salinity, a key limiting factor, affects the distribution and survival of marine species. The Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis), a euryhaline species found along the coast of the South China Sea, has become a major aquaculture bivalve species. To determine the molecular mechanism by which oysters respond to coastal waters with varying salinity levels, we used RNA-seq to sequence the gill samples of oysters exposed to normal (25 ‰, S25), low (5 ‰, S5) and high (35 ‰, S35) salinity conditions for one month. The results revealed different expression transcriptome levels among oysters living under low and high salinity conditions. Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified 811 up-regulated genes and 769 down-regulated genes. As determined by KEGG pathway mapping, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in the prion diseases, histidine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and beta-alanine metabolism pathways in both the S5 vs. S25 and S35 vs. S25 group comparison. Several DEGs including heat shock 70 kDa protein 12B-like, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and tripartite motif-containing protein 2 (TRIM2), and low-density lipoprotein receptor-like, as well as KEGG pathways, including arginine and proline metabolism, apoptosis, PPAR signaling pathway, the thyroid hormone signaling pathway, were concerning response to salinity stress. Additionally, eight DEGs involved in salinity adaptation were selected for RT-qPCR validation, and the results confirmed the credibility of the transcriptome sequencing data. Overall, we designed a one-month, medium-term experiment to examine the responses of C. hongkongensis exposed to different levels of salinity stress and performed transcriptome analysis using high-throughput sequencing. Our results enhance current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of salinity stress responses in C. hongkongensis and provided insights into the osmotic biology of oysters.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification confers salinity tolerance in mustard cultivars inoculated with Piriformospora (Serendipita) indica

Salinization has become a major concern for the growth and development of plants, resulting in significant crop losses. Beneficial microbial symbionts are utilized as promising tools in alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress. Piriformospora (Serendipita) indica is one of the cost-effective, eco-friendly, and stress relieving biostimulant that positively regulates the growth of a broad host range of plants. The present study was to investigate the impact of P. indica on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars (Pusa Jaikisan and Pusa Bold) under different levels of salinity stress (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) by analyzing morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes. Results revealed that the plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and relative water content were reduced and Na+ and Cl‒ ions uptake increased with increasing NaCl concentrations. The maximum reduction in the measured traits was observed at 300 mM NaCl in both cultivars [tolerant (Pusa Jaikisan) and sensitive (Pusa Bold)]. Additionally, the oxidative stress markers (TBARS, MG, H2O2, and EL) accumulation were increased with increasing salt concentrations. However, P. indica colonization enhanced the plant performance by improving the biomass, chlorophyll, and water content, and reduced levels of oxidative stress markers (TBARS, MG, H2O2, and EL) in both cultivars comparatively more in Pusa Jaikisan than Pusa Bold under salinity stress. Additionally, the maximum activities of methyl glyoxal detoxifying enzymes (Gly I & Gly II) along with the components of ROS scavenging machinery (SOD, APX, GPX, GR, AsA, and GSH) in the P. indica colonized plants conferred salt tolerance in comparison to non-colonized cultivars under salinity stress. The results indicate that P. indica promotes the growth and tolerance of mustard plants under salinity stress, thus providing opportunity for further assessment in terms of use in sustainable agriculture.

Morphological responses of three contrasting Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes under different levels of salinity stress in the coastal region of Bangladesh

Soil salinity, a global environmental issue, inhibits plant development and production. Soybean is an economically important legume crop whose yield and quality are highly affected by excessive levels of salt in the root zone. A factorial experiment was conducted in a net house from October 2019 to January 2020 to evaluate the performance of three distinct soybean genotypes under varying levels of salinity stress. The experiment followed a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Three soybean cultivars, namely BINA Soybean 1, BINA Soybean 2, and BINA Soybean 4 were used in this experiment. The soil salinity treatments were 0 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl, 100 mM NaCl, 150 mM NaCl, and 200 mM NaCl. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil sample was 0.91dS/m. Six seeds were sown 3 cm deep in each pot. A total of 45 pots were used in this experiment. The performance of each variety was evaluated based on its germination percentage, time of germination, no. of branches/plant, no. of leaves/plant, no. of flowers/plant, plant height (cm), no. of pods/plant, pod length (cm), seeds/pod, and root length (cm). Based on the results obtained from this research trial, it can be inferred that the BINA Soybean 2 variety along with 0 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaCl, and 100 mM NaCl treatments exhibited superior performance in all parameters compared to the other varieties. This study provides clear evidence that the soybean, particularly the BINA Soybean 2 variety, holds significant promise as a crop suitable for coastal regions. Furthermore, it suggests that the cultivation of soybeans in such areas could potentially enhance agricultural productivity, particularly in the presence of mild saline conditions. Nevertheless, it exhibits limited growth potential in environments with elevated salinity levels.

Enhancing Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Tolerance to Salinity through Plant Growth Regulators

During the period of 2020-21, a research study was carried out at the Plant Protective Culture Unit within the semi-controlled environmental settings of the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. The aim of the study was to mitigate the negative impacts of salinity stress on chickpea by applying various concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA3). Plants were subjected to four different levels of salinity stress, including a control group, mild stress, moderate stress, and severe stress. This was achieved by irrigating them with four varying concentrations of saline water (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 dSm-1) starting from the 14th day after sowing (DAS) and continuing until maturity at 100 DAS. On the other hand, the control plants received regular irrigation with tap water. Two concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) specifically 200 ppm and 400 ppm, along with gibberellic acid (GA3) at 10 ppm and 20 ppm, were administered as a foliar spray once a week, commencing at 20 days after sowing (DAS) and continuing until the flowering stage. Data related to chlorophyll levels in the leaves and water-related traits, including relative water content (RWC) and water retention capacity (WRC) were collected seven days after the foliar spray of these plant growth regulators at the flowering stage. Additionally, measurements of total dry weight, yield, and various yield-contributing factors were taken at the point of maturity. The results indicated that chickpea suffered adverse consequences due to salinity stress which included a reduction in chlorophyll content, a decrease in relative water content, a decline in water retention capacity, a decrease in total dry weight and a lower overall yield. However, the foliar application of different doses of salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) under varying levels of salinity stress had beneficial effects in alleviating the impact of salinity stress. Interestingly, it was observed that lower concentrations of SA at 200 ppm and GA3 at 10 ppm were more effective in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress and improving salinity tolerance in chickpea, especially under mild salinity stress conditions (5 dSm-1) as evidenced by the positive influence on the parameters mentioned above.

Effect of Plant Hormones on Antioxidant Response and Essential Oil Production of Peppermint (Mentha Piperita) at Different Levels of Salinity Stress

Effect of Plant Hormones on Antioxidant Response and Essential Oil Production of Peppermint (Mentha Piperita) at Different Levels of Salinity Stress

Physiological Characterization of Tripidium arundinaceum and Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) Germplasm for Salinity Stress Tolerance at the Formative Stage

A total of sixteen accessions of Tripidium arundinaceum (Retz.) Welker, Voronts. & E.A. Kellogg (previously known as Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.) Jeswiet) were evaluated for salinity tolerance at the bud germination stage by irrigating with 175 mM salinized Hoagland solution in perlite-sand hydroponics. Six accessions, IND99-907, IND01-1134, IND01-1136, IK76-48, and Bethuadahari, were germinated with healthy roots as compared to other accessions. These six accessions were further evaluated for morphological, physiological, and root anatomical parameters for different levels of salinity stress at the formative phase. Young leaf elongation was ceased after the fourth and twelfth day in Co 97010 and Co 86032, respectively, at 175 mM of salinity stress. The growth of young leaves in Co 97010 and Co 86032 was observed up to 25 mM of salinity stress only, whereas in T. arundinaceum accessions viz., IND99-907 and Bethuadahari, growth was recorded even at 175 mM. Lignification of cell walls, thickening of protoxylems, and vacuolization of cortex regions were observed in Co 97010, Co 86032, Bethuadahari, and IND01-1134 as compared to the normal anatomical structures in IND99-907. The accession IND99-907 recorded the lowest Na/K ratio, followed by IND99-1136 at 175 mM of salinity stress. The accession IND99-907 was identified as a salinity-tolerant genotype and suitable for utilization in the sugarcane crop improvement programmes.

Enhancement of Morphological and Physiological Performance of Zea mays L. under Saline Stress Using ZnO Nanoparticles and 24-Epibrassinolide Seed Priming

Salinity is one of the most devastating environmental factors limiting crop productivity worldwide. Therefore, our study investigates the effect of seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs: 0, 50, and 100 mg L−1), 24-epibrassinolide (EBL: 0.0, 0.2, and 0.4 µM), and their combined treatments on maize (Zea mays L.) grown with different levels of saline stress (i.e., control, 5, 10 dS m−1) under semi-controlled conditions. Higher saline stress (10 dS m−1) negatively influenced the growth traits, physiological attributes, and elemental (i.e., Zn and K) uptake for both roots and shoots of maize, whereas it increased Na+ accumulation and Na+/K+ ratio in comparison to other treatments. However, seed priming with ZnO NPs and EBL as well as their combinations showed amelioration of the detrimental effects of saline stress on the growth and physiological and biochemical performance of maize. In general, seed priming with combined treatments of ZnO NPs and EBL were significantly more effective than either ZnO NPs or EBL as individual treatments. A combination of 100 mg L−1 ZnO NPS + 0.2 µM EBL resulted in the highest values of root length, root surface area, stem diameter, relative leaf water contents, total chlorophyll, net rate of photosynthesis, zinc accumulation, and K+ uptake, while it resulted in the lowest Na+ and Na+/K+ ratio, especially under the highest saline-stress treatment. Thus, we concluded that seed priming with combined ZnO NPs and EBL can effectively mitigate the saline-stress-mediated decline in the morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of maize.

Exogenous naphthaleneacetic acid alleviated alkalinity-induced morpho-physio-biochemical damages in Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck.

Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck (commonly called Chufa) is a perennial species that produces nutritious underground tubers and contributes to the diet and health of human worldwide. However, it is salt-sensitive and its adaptation to salinity stress remains an enigma. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) plays a vital role in regulating plant salt stress tolerance. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of NAA (150 mg/L) application on growth and physio-biochemical response mechanisms of Chufa plants to different levels of salinity stress (0-, 90-, and 180 mM of alkaline stress ([1:1 ratio of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3]). In response to increasing stress levels, shoot-root growth decreased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), osmolytes (soluble protein, proline, and soluble sugars), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) significantly increased. Alkalinity led to significant increase in Na+ and Cl-, but decrease in Mg2+ concentration in both roots and leaves; however, K+ decreased significantly in leaves under both stresses. Additionally, and. levels, nitrate reductase (NR) activities, and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) decreased significantly. However, glutamine synthetase (GS) increased non-significantly at 90 mM but declined at 180 mM. Foliar NAA application reduced Na+ and Cl-, MDA, and H2O2 but increased photosynthetic pigments, K+ and Mg2+, osmolytes, nitrogen (N) metabolism, and upregulating the enzymatic antioxidant system to reduce oxidative stress under alkaline conditions. Hence, our findings manifest that NAA application is an effective strategy that can be utilized to enhance tolerance of chufa plants to alkaline stress. Future studies should explore whether NAA can positively alter the nutrient composition of chufa tubers at deeper molecular levels, which might offer solutions to nutritious problems in developing countries.

Response of turmeric to saline water irrigation on growth, physiology, antioxidant defence mechanism and productivity

Aim: The aim of the present study was to study the effect of saline water irrigation on growth, physiology, biochemical signal and economic yield of turmeric. Methodology: Pot experiment was conducted with five salinity levels (0 dSm-1, 2 dSm-1, 4 dSm-1, 6 dSm-1 and 8 dSm-1) replicated four times in RCBD. Salinity level were prepared using NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and MgSO4 to maintain Cl:SO4 ratio in 7:3. Salinity treatments were imposed according to treatment scheduled 30 day after transplanting of seedling and continued till crop maturity. In each pot 2 l of saline water was applied at 10 days interval according to the treatment. The control plants were irrigated with equal amount of distilled water. Observations on morphological, chlorophyll, canopy temperature, Normalized difference in vegetative index, phenol and protein content Ascorbate peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase and yield parameters were recorded. Results: The results showed that irrigation with saline water induced changes in growth and yield parameters in turmeric crop. Plant height at different levels of salinity stress was affected significantly, the lowest (37.9cm) plant hight was observed at 8 dSm−1 salinity. A slight increase in salinity by 2 dsm-1 reduced the growth of turmeric by 15.7% as compared to control. Number of tillers, leaves per plant and leaf area was also significantly reduced. With increase in salinity levels, the chlorophyll and NDVI of leaves were reduced. The lowest fresh rhizome yield (19.8 g per plant) was recorded at 8 dSm−1 and in turn, it resulted in the lowest dry yield (2.5 g per plant) and dry recovery (12%). Interpretation: Salinity is highly detrimental to turmeric crop and leads to drastic reduction in growth, yield and productivity by reducing physiological and biochemical functions. Thus, the use of saline water in irrigation should be carefully looked inorder avoid yield loss. Key words: Chlorophyll, Dry recovery, Membrane stability, Salinity, Turmeric

Impact of Pre-anthesis Salt Stress on Biochemical and Yield Related Traits in Salt Sensitive and Salt Tolerant Genotypes of Triticum aestivum L.

Salinity stress negatively affects the growth and development of wheat leading to diminished grain yield and quality. Salt stress during the reproductive stage is one of the significant factors leading to the drastic reduction in grain yield. The objective of this study was to investigate the biochemical responses of pre-anthesis stage salt stress and yield-related traits in the KRL1-4 salt tolerant and UP2338 salt-sensitive cultivar of wheat. Three different levels of salinity stress (100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) were induced. Untreated plants were kept in control. Samples were analyzed at pre- anthesis stage (50 DAS and 60 DAS) for various biochemical parameters viz., proline content, total reducing sugar content, total nitrogen content and total protein content. Yield-related traits harvest index, tiller numbers per plant, spike height and spike weight were recorded at the maturity stage. The amount of proline and reducing sugar increased with increasing salinity, the increase being more tolerant than in sensitive cultivar. Total nitrogen and total protein content, however, decreased with increasing salt concentration and reduction being more sensitive than in tolerant cultivar. Yield attributes were affected negatively. The effect was more pronounced in sensitive cultivars compared to tolerant ones.

Physiological Screening of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) Varieties by Seedling Germination Traits under Salinity Stress

Among the legumes, pulses are the most important component in India as they have very high protein resources. Green gram (Vigna radiata) is the most essential one when compared to other pulses regarding high nutritional value, enriching soil fertility and being a short duration crop. In India, pulses cultivation faces salinity stress which is a most constraint factor on its production. Hence, an experiment was performed with the purpose of analyzing morpho- physiological differences in high difference green gram varieties, which are MH 421,VBN 2,VBN 4,CO 8 and CO(Gg) 912 under salinity stress condition. This experiment was done at laboratory condition under various concentration level of Sodium Chloride (NaCl). These levels create different levels of salinity stress, the above five green gram varieties where screened for identifying their salinity stress and the important parameters which include radicle length, shoot length, plant height, germination percentage and seed Vigor were recorded.

Hydrogen peroxide priming alleviates salinity induced toxic effect in maize by improving antioxidant defense system, ionic homeostasis, photosynthetic efficiency and hormonal crosstalk.

Salinity stress (SS) is a serious detrimental factor for crop growth and productivity and its intensity it is continuously increasing which is posing serious threat to global food security. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) priming has emerged as an excellent strategy to mitigate the adverse impacts of SS. However, the role of H2O2 priming in mitigating the salinity induced toxicity is not fully explored. Therefore, in this context the present study was conducted in complete randomized design (CRD) in factorial combination to determine the impact of H2O2 priming on germination, growth, physiological and biochemical traits, osmo-regulating compounds, hormonal balance and ionic homeostasis. The experiment was based on different levels of SS; control, 6 and 12dSm-1 SS and priming treatments, control and H2O2 priming (2%). Salinity stress significantly reduced the growth, leaf water status (- 15.55%), calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+) accumulation and increased malondialdehyde(MDA: + 29.95%), H2O2 (+ 21.48%) contents, osmo-regulating compounds (proline, soluble sugars), indole acetic acid (IAA), anti-oxidant activities (ascorbate peroxidase: APX, catalase: CAT, peroxidase: POD and ascorbic acid: AsA) and accumulation of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-.). H2O2 priming effectively reduced the effects of SS on germination and growth and strengthen the anti-oxidant activities through reduced MDA (- 12.36%) and H2O2 (- 21.13%) and increasing leaf water status (16.90%), soluble protein (+ 71.32%), free amino acids (+ 26.41%), proline (+ 49.18%), soluble sugars (+ 71.02%), IAA (+ 57.59%) and gibberlic acid (GA) (+ 21.11%). Above all, H2O2 priming reduced the massive entry of noxious ions (Na+ and Cl-) while increased the entry of Ca2+, K+ and Mg2+ thus improved the plant performance under SS. In conclusion H2O2 priming was proved beneficial for improving maize growth under SS thorough enhanced anti-oxidant activities, photosynthetic pigments, leaf water status, accumulation of osmo-regulating compounds, hormonal balance and ionic homeostasis.

Adaptation Characteristics of Autumn Wheat Varieties to Salinity Stresses

The article deals with the data on the effects of different levels of salinity stress on winter wheat varieties Starshina, Pervitsa, Grom, Asr, Alekseevich, Krasnodarskaya-99, Vassa and Antonina. In areas where soil salinity is low and moderately-strong saline meadow-alluvial soil type, some physiological indicators characterizing the water exchange and salinity adaptation of winter wheat varieties have been identified. According to the results it was obtained the degree of adaptation of wheat to saline stress relative to the control in Starshina, Krasnodarskaya-99, Grom and Antonina varieties is higher than in other studied varieties.

Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Different Levels of Salinity Stress

Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Different Levels of Salinity Stress

TiO2 nanoparticles and salinity stress in relation to artemisinin production and ADS and DBR2 expression in Artemisia absinthium L.

Artemisia absinthium L. is an important herb that is widely cultivated in different parts of the world for its medicinal properties. The present study evaluated the effects of four concentrations of nanoparticles treatment (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1) and NaCl salinity stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) and their interactions with respect to the expression of two key genes, i.e. DBR2 and ADS, in the biosynthesis pathway of artemisinin in A. absinthium. Total RNA was extracted and a relative gene expression analysis was carried out using Real-Time PCR. The amount of artemisinin was also determined by HPLC. All the experiments were performed as factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications. The results revealed that salinity stress and nanoparticles treatment and their interaction affected the expressions of these genes significantly. The highest levels of ADS gene expression were observed in the 30 mg L-1 nanoparticles-treated plants in the presence of 150 mM salinity stress and the lowest levels in the 10 mg L-1 nanoparticles-treated plants under 50 mM salinity stress. The maximum DBR2 gene expression was recorded in the 10 mg L-1 nanoparticles-treated plants in the absence of salinity stress and the minimum expression in the 100 mM salinity-stressed plants in the absence of nanoparticles treatment. Moreover, the smallest amounts of artemisinin were observed in the 150 mM salinity-stressed plants in the absence of nanoparticles and the highest amounts in the 30 mg L-1 nanoparticles-treated plants. The maximum amounts of artemisinin and ADS gene expression were reported from the plants in the same nanoparticles treatment and salinity stress conditions. In this regard, the amount of artemisinin was decreased by half in the plants containing the highest DBR2 gene expression. Meanwhile, no significant correlation was observed between these gene expressions and the artemisinin amount in the other nanoparticles-treated plants under different levels of salinity stress. The biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites appears to be very complex and dose not directly dependent on these gene expressions.

Screening of Mungbean Accessions Under Salinity Stress

Experiments were conducted to identify suitable agro-morphological indicators of salinity tolerance and to classify fifty mungbean accessions into different salt tolerant groups by screening under different NaCl solution in pot culture in green house condition for two growing seasons. Results reveled that the early growth phase of mungbean is highly affected due to salinity and the interrelationship between salinity and accessions was also statistically significant for yield parameters under different levels of salinity stress. Salt tolerant accessions were less affected at high salinity and could be produced better total dry matter as compared to others. On the basis of relative total dry matter (RTDM%), accessions were categorized as highly tolerant, moderately susceptible and highly susceptible. G4 was found to be the best tolerant line after considering both the seasons and all the tested parameters. Correlation study suggested that germination was least affected while seedling length, pod and seed yield severely fractured due to salinity. These desirable parameters may take part in future breeding programme as salinity indicators and also by getting introduced into the susceptible lines, whereas, the tolerant accessions can be introduced as tolerant checks. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 475-482, 2021 (September)

Improving salt tolerance threshold in common bean cultivars using melatonin priming: a possible mission?

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is mostly cultivated on marginal soils where salinity is a key stress. The focus of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of melatonin priming and hydro priming on germination, growth parameters, antioxidant defense system and tolerance threshold in seven common bean cultivars grown under different levels of salinity stress. The experiments were conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with six replicates. The results showed that salinity levels decreased radicle and hypocotyl lengths, seedling vigor index, and salinity tolerance threshold under Petri dish conditions. However, melatonin priming alleviated the inhibitory effects of salinity and enhanced salt tolerance threshold of all the cultivars. The highest tolerance thresholds of Dorsa, Almas, Koosha, and Pak cultivars were obtained under 100 µM melatonin treatment, while in Sayad, Shekoofa, and Derakhshan, 20 µM melatonin caused higher thresholds. Results of the greenhouse experiment showed that melatonin priming increased salt tolerance threshold, but it reduced malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. It also induced a higher increase in relative shoot dry weight of the cultivar Dorsa than the other cultivars. The cultivars Dorsa and Shekoofa treated with 100 and 20 µM, respectively, maintained a lower MDA content and Na+ concentration and a higher K+/Na+ ratio in shoot and root, N concentration and salt tolerance threshold than the other cultivars under salinity stress. These results suggest that seed priming with melatonin enhances salinity tolerance by stimulating antioxidant activities, alleviating oxidative damage and enhancing plant dry weight.

Evaluation of the response of five varieties of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) For saline stress under the conditions of Basra

A field experiment was conducted at al-Faris agricultural testing station during the autumn season of 2019-2020, which is located in Zubair district, which is located approximately 25 km southwest of Basra governorate in sandy loam soil, with the aim of assessing the response of five varieties of potato plant (V1,V2, V3, V4, V5 )for different levels of saline stress( S1= 1.5, S2= 3.5, S3= 5.5, S4= 7.5) d S / m The study was done as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates (R.C.B.D), 60 experimental units resulting from( five varieties and four saline levels) * 3 repeaters. It was noted from the results that V1 * S1 is significant effect in most of the qualities studied if it gives the highest rates for each of the following qualities,weight of tuber g . plant-¹, Number of tubers/plants, the yield of one plant g and the total yield of a ton. donem-¹ and its rates were as follows (85.92 g.plant-¹, 6.35 tubers. Plant-¹,546.10 g, 5.34 tons. donem-¹ ) . (V3, V4)* S4 gave the lowest rates for most trained qualities, and the plants of the V1, V2 gave the high rate of the percentage of dry matter in tubers and the percentage of starch %.

Effect of magnetic field on growth and yield of barley treated with different salinity levels

Even though water treatment can be based on several techniques, one new promising process is applying magnetic treatment to water, which can alleviate salinity stress and improve crop productivity. Using magnetic technology in agriculture is considered non-conventional, economical, and eco-friendly. Moreover, it can improve soil and water properties, which in turn can enhance crop and water productivity whether in normal conditions or under salinity stress. The objective of our study is to quantify the impact of the application of this technique on the growth and productivity of barley under different levels of salinity stress. The experiment included two factors: (i) water treatments (i.e., magnetized water; water after pathing through static magnetic unit, 0.5 inch diameter, 0.35 T and non-magnetized water) and (ii) five levels of salinity stress (320, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 ppm). Results indicated that irrigation barley plants with magnetized saline water reduced the harmful effect of salinity stress where the grain yield (g pot−1) increased by 14.75, 14.32, 16.06, 12.97, and 15.85% under 320, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 ppm salinity levels, respectively compared to the irrigated plants with non-magnetized water of the same salinity level. Similar trends were recorded in all tested parameters. The overall results show that magnetized saline irrigation water, even at high salinity, increases barley growth parameters as well as photosynthetic pigments, resulting in an increase in grain yield compared to irrigation with non-magnetized saline water.

Glycine-betaine induced salinity tolerance in maize by regulating the physiological attributes, antioxidant defense system and ionic homeostasis

The plants are exposed to different abiotic stresses, including the salinity stress (SS) that negatively affect the growth, metabolism, physiological and biochemical processes. Thus, this study investigated the effect of diverse levels of foliar-applied GB (0 control, 50 mM and 100 mM) on maize growth, membrane stability, physiological and biochemical attributes, antioxidant enzymes and nutrients accumulation under different levels of SS (i.e., control, 6 dS m-1, 12 dS m-1). Salt stress diminished the root and shoot length, root and shoot biomass, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), relative water contents (RWC), soluble proteins (SP) and free amino acids; (FAA); and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, electrical conductivity (EC) and accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Na+ and Cl− ions. GB application significantly increased root and shoot growth, leaves per plant, shoots length, chlorophyll contents, gs, Pn and membrane stability by reducing MDA and H2O2 accumulation. Moreover, GB also increased the SP, FAA accumulation, activities of antioxidant enzymes and Na+ and Cl- exclusion by favouring Ca2+ and K+ accumulation. In conclusion, the foliar-applied GB increased Pn, gs, ant-oxidants activities, and accumulation of SP and FAA; and reduced the accretion of Na+ and Cl− by favouring the Ca2+ and K+ accretion which in turns improved growth under SS.